Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys Essay Example

Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys Essay Application Paper Why Good Girls like terrible young men? Pretty much every lady sooner or later in her dating life will fall for an awful kid. For instance there’s Edward and Bella from the Twilight Series and there’s Uncle Jesse from Full House. A terrible kid is a hooligan, a roughneck and a dissident without a reason or he could be the pleasant person nearby who’s smooth as silk, however where it counts inside he’s an inhumane individual. Awful young men are the kind of folks your mother cautions you about but since they’ve got hooligan offer your presence of mind vacates the premises. On the off chance that you ask most females for what valid reason they like terrible young men it’s in light of the fact that they like the test, the fervor and the excitement of living vicariously. As per transformative thinking, the disconnection of male and female species isn't to mate however because of their responses to one another. This happens in numerous creatures on the grounds that the female creature becomes pulled in to the male creature that stands apart the above all different guys. For instance peacock’s spread their wings making themselves increasingly powerless against predators as such an approach to draw in the other gender. Peacock’s are taking a chance with their lives which show how solid and committed they are towards sticking out and being over the various peacocks. Ladies discover security, assets, and indications of duty and long haul mates alluring while men discover youth, richness, and modesty and transient mates appealing. Separation is additionally a central point for ladies and even creatures whether it’s close or faraway. For a run of the mill awful kid and a decent young lady it is typically the acceptable young lady who truly needs to make the principal approach yet doesn’t on the grounds that she’s terrified of what he may think about her. We will compose a custom article test on Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Furthermore, for the terrible kid he just keeps on sticking out yet on the off chance that neither one of the ones can approach the other, at that point the fascination would simply end at that. I accept that there is four reasons why great young ladies like terrible young men. The first is the mystery dread of closeness. On the off chance that a young lady is pulled in to folks who they can't generally have it is on the grounds that they don’t need a genuine relationship. Young ladies locate a terrible kid so engaging on the grounds that they can be with him while never letting him get excessively close. This is identified with the connection hypothesis. Since these young ladies haven’t had a dad figure in their life they have an on edge/undecided connection to the person. This is on the grounds that the young lady is portrayed by a worry that others won't respond one’s want for closeness. Besides, it may be the case that it’s an inner mind wish to bring daddy back home. As you definitely know the relationship you had with your dad shapes the connections you will have with different guys. Growing up without a dad or on the off chance that he father wasn’t genuinely accessible can be a young ladies explanation behind needing to discover somebody who can fill that void. The third explanation is low confidence. On the off chance that a young lady is involved with a person who lies, cheats, speaks condescendingly to them, at that point they don't like themselves. At the point when individuals like themselves they set guidelines about what they need throughout everyday life. In conclusion, is media programming. The media has conditioned such huge numbers of individuals in our general public. For instance, the Jerry Springer Show or the most recent music recordings, in these you can perceive how the media depicts the awful kid picture as each girl’s dream. Well known TV and music recordings attempt to cause you to accept that it is worthy for folks to disregard females and diminish them as sex items and that's it. In class we read an investigation, Dutton Aron Experiment: Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual Attraction Under Conditions of High Anxiety. The test demonstrated that dread and excitement are connected. A similar piece of the cerebrum is initiated, the amygdala. There was a trial connect which was a little, feeble edge that effortlessly influenced and was found 230 feet over a shallow stream with pointed rocks. At that point there was additionally a control connect which was an a lot more extensive, progressively steady, and more grounded connect which was found 10 feet over a moderately sheltered looking waterway. Guys who crossed either connect were drawn closer by an appealing female and requested to round out a survey. The guys were then given the female’s telephone number. The fascination was estimated by what number of guys called the females. On the test connect half of the guys called the female and on the control connect 12% of the guys called the female. Awful young men are viewed as agitators: they get into battles, ride cruisers, have adversaries, and so forth and being with dreadful men makes dread and uneasiness, which prompts excitement.

Free Essays on Game Cube Vs PS2

Nintendo Game Cube versus PlayStation2 Which One Since the 1990’s individuals have been getting a charge out of the intelligent test of computer games. Nintendo has been around nearly since the start with the first Nintendo framework and the Game Boy. A long time later followed the Sega System and PlayStation. As of late Sony and Nintendo have both declared the advancement of absolutely new and â€Å"revolutionary† frameworks. Nintendo has declared the arrival of the Nintendo Game Cube ( otherwise known as. The Dolphin ). The Game Cube is a â€Å"highly† propelled framework that is â€Å"the extreme TV game machine and the first of its kind†. The Game Cube includes an IBM Power PC Gekko Micro processor unit, 1T-Ram Technology and the LSI Mixed Memory. This reduced framework is about 15% littler then the N64 and highlights adornments like the cordless controller, the Modem connector, the Digi Card, SD-Digi card and the Broadband connector. The cartridges have likewise changed to circles, taking into consideration better designs, sounds and game play. Sony has likewise reported the improvement of the PlayStation2. The PS2 is intended to unite films, music and games to frame another type of PC diversion. The PS2 bolsters both sound CD and DVD alongside old PS games. â€Å" PS2 is diagramming a way toward the eventual fate of arranged advanced entertainment† says President Ken Kutaragi of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. Concerning games, more than 89 distributers have consented to permit arrangements to create content for PS2. Another accomplice to go with PS2 is the Dual Shock 2 controller which highlights move rate up to multiple times quicker. The PS2 will be accessible in Fall 2000. So as the discharge dates come nearer, individuals are foreseeing the arrival of these stages to at long last discover what is a definitive gaming stage. In the event that you might want to peruse more on the Game Cube go to www.nintendo.com and on the off chance that you might want to peruse more on the PlayStati... Free Essays on Game Cube Vs PS2 Free Essays on Game Cube Vs PS2 Nintendo Game Cube versus PlayStation2 Which One Since the 1990’s individuals have been getting a charge out of the intuitive test of computer games. Nintendo has been around nearly since the start with the first Nintendo framework and the Game Boy. A long time later followed the Sega System and PlayStation. As of late Sony and Nintendo have both reported the advancement of absolutely new and â€Å"revolutionary† frameworks. Nintendo has declared the arrival of the Nintendo Game Cube ( otherwise known as. The Dolphin ). The Game Cube is a â€Å"highly† propelled framework that is â€Å"the extreme TV game machine and the first of its kind†. The Game Cube includes an IBM Power PC Gekko Micro processor unit, 1T-Ram Technology and the LSI Mixed Memory. This conservative framework is about 15% littler then the N64 and highlights embellishments like the cordless controller, the Modem connector, the Digi Card, SD-Digi card and the Broadband connector. The cartridges have additionally changed to circles, taking into account better designs, sounds and game play. Sony has likewise reported the advancement of the PlayStation2. The PS2 is intended to unite motion pictures, music and games to frame another type of PC diversion. The PS2 underpins both sound CD and DVD alongside old PS games. â€Å" PS2 is diagramming a way toward the eventual fate of arranged computerized entertainment† says President Ken Kutaragi of Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. With respect to games, more than 89 distributers have consented to permit arrangements to create content for PS2. Another accomplice to go with PS2 is the Dual Shock 2 controller which highlights move rate up to multiple times quicker. The PS2 will be accessible in Fall 2000. So as the discharge dates come nearer, individuals are envisioning the arrival of these stages to at long last discover what is a definitive gaming stage. In the event that you might want to peruse more on the Game Cube go to www.nintendo.com and on the off chance that you might want to peruse more on the PlayStati...

Influences on the Philippines Essay

Albeit some may have had a more drawn out enduring effect on the Philippines every one made the Philippines to what it is today. India has affected the Philippines in all parts of life, from composing, music, and language to even religion. In view of the high exchange among India and the Philippines India had the option to hugy affect the Philippines. Some religion that can be seen from Indian impact is Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. This can be found in the most southern island, Mindanao. Some Tagalog words are even Indian affected, for example, mukha (face), putong (turban), and guro (educator). Much the same as India the Chinese have likewise left an imprint in the language yet that isn't what they are generally known for. The Chinese has left a wide range of kinds of nourishment in the Philippines that are currently in the consistently lives of Filipinos. Some celebrated Filipino dishes that are Chinese affected are pancit, lumpia, and lechon. Some chinese affected words are susi (key), pinto (entryway), and kuya (more seasoned sibling). Some significant impacts from the Chinese that as help upset the Philippines is the utilization of metal and explosive. It would then assistance enable Philippines to guard itself later on. Presumably the most powerful gathering of individuals would be the Spaniards, which was during the colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards. Indeed, even the name of the Philippines was given by the Spaniards, which was named after the ruler of Spain Philip II. Obliging naming, a great deal of last names of Filipinos are Spanish affected too. Religion most likely had the greatest effect on the Philippines in light of the fact that most of Filipinos are Roman Catholic. Filipinos follow Hispanic customs with regards to religion and a few celebrations are likewise Spanish affected. Much the same as the Chinese and the Indians the Spanish likewise affected the language of the Philippines. The language of the Philippines is a blend in itself due to the various words got from different dialects. To wrap things up the Americans additionally left a blemish on the Philippines during the wars. The Jeepney is a famous type of transportation and can be seen everywhere throughout the Philippines. After World War II there were numerous military standard jeeps that were deserted in the Philippines. As imaginative as Filipinos are they utilized the jeeps to further their potential benefit and along these lines made the Jeepney. English is presumably the second most communicated in language in the Philippines. An English speaker would not have any issue attempting to clear their path through the Philippines. The Philippines keeps on developing in itself with the everlasting impacts of the numerous nations that went to the Philippines.

Naturalism in Jean Toomers Cane - Literature Essay Samples

Naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principle of objectivity and detachment with regard to the study of human beings (Campbell). Charles Darwin, renowned biologist postulates his natural selection theory in his work, The Origin of the Species. In the animal kingdom, the strongest survive. The reasons for survival of the fittest are the inborn mechanisms to fight adversity and reproduce. Applied in the social sphere, Darwins philosophy is called social darwinism. Social Darwinism forms the cornerstone of Naturalism, where the prime focus is on the survival of the fittest. Man, a human beast, survives because of innate ability and primal instincts. Although man is endowed with a powerful mind that distinguishes him from the animal species, he retains instincts which aid him in self-preservation in the rat race of life. In Cane, one contemplates Jean Toomer as a naturalist author, who focuses on mans instinctual passion to have coitus and fight. In Cane, human beasts instinctively act on libido, responding to the natural need to have sexual relations. When male and female are in close proximity, tides of passion overwhelm both sexes. Dan, Muriels lover, has an obstinate desire to possess her (Toomer 2011). Dan and Muriel are locked in an embrace and although she argues with him and tries to break up with him, a basic, masculine passion ignites and masters him. In the natural world, the males nature is to dominate and possess the female. Likewise, in Avey, an enamored male protagonist experiences an immediate and urgent passion (sweeping) over (him) (Toomer 2011). Lovers feel a new (flaring) passion (Toomer 2011). At the club, the speaker describes lovers with their instinct (leading) them (Toomer 2011). When mans bestial nature emerges, and his instinct governs, thus he is powerless to fight against it. By referring to mans libido as an uncontrolled, instantaneous action, Toomer manifests naturalist views. Toomer compares Mu riels sexual response to an animalism, still unconquered by zoo-restrictions and keeper-taboos (Toomer 2011). She responds and submits to her lovers animalistic desire to have sexual intercourse. No reason, consideration, nor premeditation occurs. The febrile heat of sexual desire unleashes man to animalistic action. Toomer expresses naturalist views likening man, in heat, to an animal. Biologically speaking, man is a member of the animal kingdom; therefore his proclivity to animal desires is expected. In the animal domain, males usually compete for the best females and in the human realm, the same thing occurs. Bobs body, in a jealous rage for his girlfriend, responds by outstanding veins, salivating, and growing desire to taste blood (Toomer 2011). Bob is activated by the fight-flight hormone which stimulates mans mechanism for self-preservation. As Bob approaches his enemy-competitor, a hound and several other dogs surround him. Toomer skilfully emphasizes animalism by mirroring Bobs passions with dogs, animals with which man is associated. In Darwins theory, continuation of the species, raw animal combat is necessary to produce the fittest descendant. In the modern world, animals are caged, and in the same way, mans base instincts are refined, repressed, and civilized. However, there is a poi nt when bounds are broken, and the animal inside commands. Wild-eyed Kabnis, in an angry fit, kills a hen that disturbs his peace at night. Like a predator, with bare hands, Kabnis mercilessly wrings the chickens neck as the poor animals blood gushes on him (Toomer 2011). Kabnis does not kill the hen for food but for vengeance. His lack of pity and restraint animalizes him. In conclusion, naturalism pervades Toomers work as he describes mans interaction with his counterparts in a naturalist context. Mans free will is hindered by natural forces which dictate his direction and action. As his sexual desires magnetize the opposite sex, brute strength allows him to react with violence against opposition. It is often said that man is his own worst enemy; therefore, what naturalism indicates is mans utter powerlessness to rise above his nature, and conquer himself. As man competes with other species to survive, he has become enslaved to passions and instincts which hold him bound to fate/destiny. Works Cited: Campbell, Donna M. Naturalism in American Literature. Washington State University. 12/01/2008 . Leverette, T. (2008). New Americans: Race, Mixture, and Nation in the Work of Jean Toomer and Josà © Vasconcelos. South Atlantic Review, 73(3), 61-85. Karrer, W. (2009). Black Modernism? The Early Poetry of Jean Toomer and Claude McKay. Bloom’s Modern Critical Views, 35. Sollors, W. (2000). Jean Toomers Cane: Modernism and Race in Interwar America. Jean Toomer and the Harlem Renaissance, 18-37. Toomer, J., Gates, H. L. (2011). Cane: Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism. R. P. Byrd (Ed.).

Study On The Structure Of Brac Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5917 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? BRAC Bank is a scheduled commercial bank. It is established in Bangladesh as a public limited company. 4th July 2001 the bank started its journey in Bangladesh under the banking company act 1991. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On The Structure Of Brac Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order On May 20, 1999 the bank established as a bank which is limited by the share. Building a profitable and social responsible organization is the corporate vision of the BRAC Bank. The main vision of this bank is to be a market leader and give loan and banking service to the business and individuals of those competitive markets. In February 2003 new executive vice president was appointed in BRAC Bark. His name was Amin and he was a director of American express Bank Ltd. before joining in BRAC Bank Ltd. He also helped BRAC Bank to set up capital market operation of equity resources Ltd. Consultants and financial advisers were appointed BRAC Bank in 2005. In 2005 financial advisers of the bank is planning to float its IPO. As a chief executive officer and managing director of BRAC Bank Ltd. Imran Rahman has been appointed in May 1, 2006. It earned a net profit of Tk. 216.95 million as per its half yearly on June 30, 2007. Shahidul Hague Sikder securities Ltd. has with drown one of its a member of Dhaka Stock exchange. 31st December 2008 a result came to the BRAC Bank Ltd. Share holders from 10th annual general meeting that share holders of BRAC Bank Ltd. have approved 30% of stock dividend for the year. This meeting of the company held in the city Sunday. 6 July 2009, most significant years for BRAC Bank. It issues 1392304 ordinary shores of Tk. 100 each at a ratio of 1:30. The Bank also provides best-in-the class services by ensuring latest information technology. Continuously BRAC Bank gives a close attention on the enterprises in rural and urban areas and introduced relationships banking in Bangladesh. As a result Bank able to access market opportunity and raise their profit in the banking sector. BRAC Bank introduces double bottom line agenda, which help the bank to take profit and social responsibility to hand in hand. The main goal of this type of agenda is to establish poverty free and knowledgeable Bangladesh BRAC Bank also provides support to th e enterprise which is more then 200000. As a result of its activities in July 2001 the bank established in 71 branches, 429 offices, 60 SME sales center and 200+ ATMs across country (as on June 30, 2010). The shares of this bank are brought by several organizations BRAC bank also hold some share form those. We are giving some short description about it. Shareholding Structure As on March 31, 2010 Name of Shareholder % of Shareholding BRAC 38.79% International Finance Corporation 5.38% Shore Cap International Limited 6.99% Non-Resident Bangladeshi 0.45% Mutual Funds 4.07% Institutions and General Public 45.48% Vision: There are some events that will take by the BRAC bank to improve itself. Such as, it will build a knowledge based organization. The employer of this bank will continue to learn about there customer and colleagues with a view to add their value in the market. Employer will try to improve themselves, devoted himself to solve problem, to give excellence in service and to prove the efficiency of those sectors. BRAC bank is trying to focus on markets and Business with a view to growth potential by providing a profitable and socially responsible financial institution. Corporate Values Our Strength emanates from our owner-BRAC. This means, we will hold the following values and will be guided by them as we do our jobs. Value the fact that we are a member of the BRAC family. Creating an honest, open and enabling environment Have a strong customer focus and build relationships based on integrity, superior service and mutual benefit. Strive for profit sound growth. Board of Directors of BRAC Bank Limited The Board of Directors of BRAC Bank Limited includes: Mr. Muhammad A (Rumee) Ali Chairman Mr. Shib Narayan Kairy Director Mr. Quazi Md. Shariful Ala Director Ms. Nihad Kabir Director (Independent) Dr. Hafiz G.A. Siddiqi Director Mr. Mark A. Coffey (Nominated by ShoreCap International Limited) Ms. Tamara Hasan Abed Director Mr. Syed Mahbubur Rahman Managing Director and CEO Members of BRAC Bank Limited Management Committee Mr. Syed Mahbubur Rahman, Mr. Mohammad Mamdudur Rashid, Mr. Nabil Mustafizur Rahman, Mr. Syed Faridul Islam, Mr. Rais Uddin Ahmad, Ms. Tahniyat Ahmed Karim, Mr. Firoz Ahmed Khan, Mr. Mohammed Rahmat Pasha, Mr. Zeeshan Kingshuk Huq. Heads of various departments are arranged a committee is called mancom. It is consist at managing director and Deputy managing director. Mancom arrange a formal meeting which gives a result of the performance of different departments. This meeting also includes growth, issues and future plans. BARC bank arrange board meeting every month. Town hall meeting are arranged twice in every year. In front of all members MD gives an over view of the bank progress. Besides these BRAC bank arrange steering committee meeting, ALCO meeting, ERMC meeting and credit committee. Corporate cash management services Cash and trade of corporate institutions provides various operational supports by the corporate cash management services. This operational unit provides services and supports, including nationwide collection services (NCS), Payment transfer services (PTS) as well as mobile banking services (MBS) CMS strives to ensure smooth and uninterrupted quality services to our valued corporate clients. Mobile banking service At the premise of customer, mobile banking service s refers to providing banking services through setting up booths. We are collecting utility bills of the utility service provider under this service and by setting the booth at their places, MBS made it easier to pay the tution fees of the private universities. All collected funds are deposited to the clients account at the end of the day with nearest BBL Branches. Corporate Repayment Closing Cash and trade, emerging business and large corporate of corporate institutions provide various operational services with closing and repayment. A corporate customer may have several opportunity sanctioned therefore relationship manager. Specifically mention the number and details of the loan account to be repaid and closing. Retail banking services loan Loan repayment Loan rescheduling and restructuring Loan closing Loan clearance SME banking service SME repayment unit SME loan closing unit SME clearance unit Retail banking service FDR closing DPS closing CASA closing Automated banking ATM Three types of ATMs are presently used in BBL ATM booths: GRG Diebold Wincor Facilities of BRAC bank ATM Withdraw cash 24 hours a day by using credit/debit cards Account balance inquiry Account mini statement Pin change of debit/credit card Post Paid Bill Payment (GP) BBL credit Card Bill Payment Upcoming facilities Chequebook request Utility and/household bill payment Fund transfer to other account of BRAC Bank Ltd. CDM Internet Banking Upcoming facilities Open an account Set up automatic payment Receive bills electronically Request e-mail notification Review payments Review transfer Order checkbook Order statement copy Stop check payment Stop sending cancelled check View paper statement Calculator: balancing your checking account. Mobile recharge Order a Demand Draft/pay order Request for Duplicate physical bank statement SMS Banking Service charge Annual service charge is BDT 200 + 15% VAT. Analysis of the topics Loan Classification: BRAC bank provide high quality financial service or loan service and various product with view to contributing in GDP and enhance there business in trade and commerce. They also provide facility by industrialization, developing export, increasing employment sector for educated person, reducing poverty, developing standard of living and increasing overall development across the country. BRAC bank is a profitable business. It earns profit by investing its fund. So that we can say the profit is the main point of this bank. It invests the fund in many ways. The major portion of that part of income is comes from investment/credit which is a part of customer deposit. So BRAC bank should follow active policy and sound lending policy when it is lending services to the customer. There are many activities by BRAC bank. These are- Working capital financing commercial and trade financing, long term financing, House building financing, retail and customer financing, SME financing, Agricul tural financing, import and export financing. The assessment of loan proposal setting out the term, disbursement of loan money, Monitoring the end use and collection of dues from the borrowers on due dates are involved in lending money. The possibility that the borrower willingly or unwillingly, may not repay the loan on a timely basis is granted by the primary risk. The banking parlance defines it as credit risk or default risk. Excessive credit risk manifests itself in the form of non-performing loans. Usually non-performing loans are used in the banking circle to underscore the status of banks portfolio. Non-performing or default loan is qualified when a borrower cannot repay interest or installment on a loan after it has become due. The loan classification system tries to separate non-performing loans from the performing ones. BRAC bank provide credit facility in the following sectors- Communication financing Real estate and civil construction Consumer financing Industry Business Lease financing Trade and commerce and others Types of loan and advance: BRAC bank provides various types of loan in different sectors. These can be included into four major groups. There are- 1. Continuous loan: The loan which is to be made with in a certain time and in the expired date its full adjustment will be treated as a continuous loan. These types of loan can be converted as doubtful and Bad-debt. If it is kept irregular of 6 months or beyond but leas than 9 months as doubtful if for 9 months and it is leas than 12 months then the loan is called bad-debt. Now we can explain some types of continuous loan in below. Loan general: When a loan is providing facility more than one year to the customer, then the bank finance form the starting to finish. BRAC bank gives this type of facility to the medium and big enterprise. CC (Hypothecation): When a borrower provides movable property as a mortgage for securing loan is called hypothecation. It is a type of cast credit. There is a big facility to the borrower because a borrower takes cc (hypothecation) against working process, bill receivable, sundry debtors and commercial vehicles. The banker has only equitable charge on stocks. It takes few charges from customer. But it is very risky investment for the banker. So it is much better for a bank to take a close attention of their activities and granted to parties with high integrity. The interest rate is 13.47%. CC (pledge): Pledge is a bailment of goods and securities. When a borrower takes loan from bank, bank acquires the ownership of the goods. The bank will not transfer the ownership until the borrowers repay the amount of loan and interest. When the price of the good is decreased from the previous year it is high risky for the banker. If the product get rotten then it is high risky for the banker. The highest inter est rate is 13.47%. 2. Term loan: Term loan is the combination of midterm and long term loan. It is provided for more then one year with a view to established a new industry and purchase of capital assets and the enlargement or various diversification of an existing unit. Lease finance: This type of financing are usually provided to transportation sector. Now-a-days this lease financing is one of the popular financing projects. Rate of interest is 20%. In the lease financing of corporate portfolio corporate holds 24% of BRAC banks total assets.After considering lease financing of 2006 we can see that it has increased almost two times comparing to 2005.here a statement of BRAC Bank about lease financing is given below. Lease finance 2006 2005 Lease finance receivables within 1 year 190,281,648 8,862,532 Lease finance receivables within 5 years 162,976,046 330,285,785 Total 353,257,694 339,148,317 House building loan: This loan is provided against 100% cash collateral and the land building are also mortgaged with the bank. Interest rate is 20%. The loan is under unclassified. 3. Demand loan: Loan Against Trust Receipt (LATR) Under this loan investment allowed for refinement of shipping documents and release of goods imported through L/C. Proceed should be deposited to liquidate the investments within a given period. It is known as a temporary loan. Inland Bill Purchase To meet urgent requirement of the customer falls under this types of investment facility payment made through purchase of inland bill cheque. We can adjust this temporary investment from the proceeds of cheques purchased for collection. It is treated as a classification of commercial lending. Loan Documentary bill purchase: Export oriented industry use this as a document. Here payments are made against those types of documents are deemed as exports and are provided in local currency and foreign currency falls under this head. This type of bill is called the primary security of these documents. After that the client submits the bill and the bank discount it. Interest rate is 16%. Loan against imported merchandise: When the retirement of shipping document and release of goods imported through L/C then the bank take some advances which is used to make effective control over the goods by pledge with a view to fall this types of advances. 4. Loan under SME: Working capital Loan: It is used to meet working capital requirement, inceptive of size big, medium or large manufacturing fall under the categories. Small Business Loan The loan which is used to provide capital to small entrepreneurs. It is provided to the borrowers against collateral and estimation of the revenue generation of the project. Consumer credit scheme: Depending on the limited income of a person this type of scheme is strived to attract the middle and upper middle class population. The borrower should maintain a saving or current deposit account with the bank. It is free form collateral and purchased items are hypothecated with the bank. When the loan is disbursed then it is affected by the debiting loan account. After the submission of the indent, deposit of client and completion of documentation formalities loan amount is sending through account payee pay order and demand draft directly to the seller. We analysis SME credit scheme of 6 different banks then we can see that BRAC bank limited take the interest rate is 18% to 24% P.A. Home repairing loan: This type of loan is used to construction of new land and modernization of th e house/building/flat. Actual local owner of the land is allowed to take this type of loan. 15.02% interest is used for home construction/repair. Personal loan: Personal loan is allowed for a salaried person in different organization to meet his emergency cash need. The Bangladesh bank lest shows that BRAC bank has the highest interest spread rate at 13.47%. The interest rate is 16%. In front of banking service BRAC bank open retail banking services loan which is deals with 4 types of works. These are loan repayment, loan rescheduling or restructuring, loan closing and loan clearance (NOC). When BRAC bank gives retail banking facility to the borrowers then the bank imposed some rules about loan repayment, loan rescheduling or restructuring, loan closing, loan clearance (NOC). BRAC bank repays the loan of Arong staffs and SME outstation staffs on monthly basis and CCU and AM are on the daily basis. BRAC bank reschedules their loan in different ways. They changes tenor which is keeping EMI several times as before. They collect 1% charges of outstanding and 1.5% for unscreened loan rescheduling with a view to reschedule SL. Maintaining all instruction and filling the application cope of loan closing a customer can close his/her loan. There are different types of loan closing. These are- 1) Unsecured loan closing 2) Secured term loan closing 3) Secured overdraft closing 4) Home loan closing Depending on this loan closing system the bank takes some early settlement fees. These are elaborated below. Type of Loan Early Settlement Fees Secured loan 1% of payoff amount 15% of VAT Secured overdraft 2000 flat and 15% VAT Unsecured Loan 5% of payoff amount (if close within 1yr) 3% of payoff amount (if close within 2yr) 1% of payoff amount (if close within 3yr before maturity) Home loan Do With a view to closing the loan BRAC banks RBS take and execute the data and inform the branches. Retail banking sys tem (RBS) deals with three types of deposit closing. Such as, FDR closing DPS closing CASA closing When BRAC bank gives loan to the borrowers the bank can take the following charges as a security- There are 6 types of moods of charging on securities: Pledge:Pledge is the bailment of goods as security for payment of a debt or performance of a promise. A pledge may be in respect of goods including stocks and share as well as documents of title to goods such as railway receipts, bills of landing, dock warrants etc. duly endorsed in Banks favor. . 2. Hypothecation : In case of hypothecation the possession and the ownership of the goods both rest the borrower. The borrower to the Banker creates an equitable charge on the security. The borrower does this by executing a document known as Agreement of Hypothecation in favor of the lending Bank. . 3. Mortgage: According to section (58) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 mortgage is the transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing the payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan, existing or future debt or the performance of an engagement which may give rise to a pecuniary liability. In this case the mortgagor dose not transfer the ownership of the specific immovable property to the mortgagee only transfers some of his rights as an owner. The Banker exercises the equitable mortgage. 4. Lien: Lien is the right of the Banker to retain goods of the borrower until the loan is repaid. The Bankers lien is general lien. A Banker can retain all securities in his possession till all claims against the concern person are satisfied. 5. Assignment: Assignment means transfer of any existing or future right, property or debt by one person to another person. The person who assigns the property is called assignor and the person whom it is transferred is called assignee. Usually assignments are made of actionable claims such as book debts, insurance claims etc. In banking business, a borrower may assign to the Banker (1) the book debts (2) money due from governments debt (3) insurance policy. 6. Set-off: Set-off means the total or partial merging of a claim of one person against another in a counter claim by the latter against the former. It is in effect the combining of accounts between a debtor and a creditor so as to arrive at the net balance payable to one or the other. It is a right, which accrues to the Banker as a result of the Banker-customer relationship. Set-off arises when a debtor or his creditor wishes to arrive at the net figure owing between them when separate accounts or debt are involved. SME Banking Services Dedicated support to SME business loan repayment, closing rescheduling/restructuring, clearance related issues, etc are provided by SME Banking. SME banking services have three units and these are given below: SME repayment unit SME loan closing SME clearance unit SME Repayment unit: All daily and periodical repayment of small and medium business and all other SME related repayment issues are handled by SME repayment unit. SME closing unit The duty of this unit is to manage all type loan and deposit closing i.e. repeat loans, matured loan closing, top up loan, deceased/absconded loan A/cs, recovery related loans and FDR/DPS/CASA closing etc related activities as per instruction SME business. SME clearance unit All of necessary clearance to clients after fall adjustment of loan liabilities with the banks provides SME clearance unit. In this regard necessary activities of SME clearance unit are given below- Clearance unit start processing clearance certificate from the system after having loan closing confirmation. Check and process prescribed format to application that should be recommended properly by respective CRO/ZM. For loan purpose and return as per request letter of the borrower identify no. of securities are obtained by bank. SME respective CRO/ZM forward the clearance certificate and redemption authority of mortgage property. BRAC bank collect fund from different sector. After collecting fund BRAC bank manages its fund through treasury. The brief about the treasury is given below: Treasury is such kind of place where we can keep all funds safely and pay out assets to match the inflow and outflow of sources and application of available funds and through this way treasury maximizes the return and minimizes the risks. Treasury is the trainer of the fund of banks. It is a liquidator and regulator that manage day to day requirements. To supply the money market and capital market treasury works and also invests fund. It is manages mandatory liquidity (18% as SLR of which 5% is CRR) It collects the foreign exchange exposure of the bank. On the other hand it manages funds to maximize return with minimum risk. Treasury functions are basically divided into three major/key part- Front office- Initiate transactions/deals Mid office- Check point Back Office- Process the transaction /deals Functional Areas of Treasury Financial Institution: There are three major functional areas of treasury and FI are given below- Money market Corporate Fx Sales Asset Liability Management and Financial Instructions 1) Money Market It has two wide divisions One is local currency and the other is foreign currency. Some of the products of money market are overnight borrowing or lending from call market, Repo or reverse Repo, Treasury bills of 91 days, 182 days and 364 days. Local currency For short-term borrowing and lending money market is considered as financial market. To manage daily liquidity requirements and to comply with SLR and CRR, foreign exchange pen position and other regulatory requirements is the key functions of money market. The products of money market have matured up to one year. Foreign currency Foreign currency is bought and sold by treasury in different value dates: ready, spot, TOM, forward, SWAP. Cash transactions which are settled on the deal date is termed as ready transactions. The transactions which are settled on one day after the deal date are TOM transaction. The other transactions which are settled on the third day after the deal date are spot transactions. A forward transaction is such kind of transaction that takes place away from spot date. And lastly the transaction which is simultaneous buy and sell of foreign currency pair with two different value dates is known as SWAP transaction. Daily exchange rate sheet-that estimates the exchange rate for foreign currencies against local currency and the interest rates for FACY Deposits are circulates by treasury. Different rates are available for different intentions in the exchange rate, e.g. BC for import payment, TT and OD for FTT and FDD issuance, cash notes and traveler cheques buying and selling, TT dean f or inward, remittance, TT Doc and OD sight for export proceeds and OD transfer for purchases FCY cheques and bills. These rates are available in USD, GBP, EUR, JPY, CHF, CAD and AUD foreign currency exchange and USB, GBP and EUR for FCY deposits. Capita Market Length of capital market products starts from one year to twenty years. At present our govt. is offering 5 years, 10 years, 15 years and 20 years of treasury Bonds. Securities market Share preference share, bonds, zero coupon bond and debentures of different maturities are offered by securities market. By playing in the above markets, treasury provides internal and external clients, as appropriate. CRR and SLR, net foreign currency open position, holding of on shore balance is in FCY-all these regulatory requirements are followed by treasury as a commercial bank. Corporate FX sales BRAC bank treasury offers buying and selling of foreign currency against local currency to the customers having their exposure in documentary credit or any other foreign currency obligation . Usually customers buy foreign currency to settle their payments for LC, remittance of offshore borrowing repayment, technical fees, profit repatriation and etc from our corporate FX sales desk the main customers of corporate FX sales desk are top-notch multinational corporate Financial Institution To support- our internal (SME, PBS, CMCL, Retail and corporate) and external clients, financial institutions maintain relationship with different local and foreign banks. To meet our business requirements FI have arranged MOV/agreement with different banks in channeling/loans/remittance /collection/cash deposit. To support its small and medium enterprise (SME) cash management and remittance operations throughout the country, BRAC Bank Ltd. Also maintains about 550 accounts with different local banks. Through its correspondent network BRAC Bank Limited continued its efforts to reach out every corner of the world. A correspondent relationship has been successfully established by BRAC Bank Ltd. And 23 foreign nostro acc with the worlds lending banks, which includes: HSBC, city bank NA Hypovereins Bank, ING Bank, Unicredito Italiano, Zuracher Kontonal Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, ICICI Bank, Mashreq Bank, UBAF, NOVA Scatia, Dreshdner Bank, Banske Bank, Banca Nazionale del Lavor o, Fortis Basque, International Moscow Bank, Cresent Commercial Bank, Bank Austria, Bank of Asia Public Company Ltd. AB Bank Mumbai etc. to provide best of services of its clients efficiently and profitably. BRAC Bank Ltd. Maintain nostro accounts with a number of banks for settlement of LCY and FCY transactions. But it doesnt keep any bond with the non-banking financial institutions. Asset Liability Management Asset Liability Management (ALM) monitor measure and manage the risks associated with balance sheet and guard the bank against and unforeseen loss or threat of survival. ALM position is being placed before asset liability committee (ALCO) and Board for necessary guidance and review. ALM deals with two major risks associated with balance sheet (i) liquidity Risk (ii) Interest Rate Risk. ALM also looks after the capital adequacy of the bank. Advance Deposit (AD) Ratio It helps to judge banks liquidity position. In ideal scenario, AD ratio should be around 82%, as 18% of deposit maintained as SLR. Liquidity Ratio Liquidity ratio (Liquid Assets to Total Assets) is the proportion of a financial institutions assets held in easily convertible to cash form. This ratio measures banks ability to meet commitments or obligations to counterparties when due. ALCO set minimum liquidity ratio 18%. Cash Bank Balances. Call Payment, Treasury Bills/Bonds, Govt. Bonds, Foreign Currency and Shares (Publicly Traded) would be considered as liquid assets. Total asset is the balance sheet total asset. Gap Analysis The structural liquidity gap report calculates the gap of inflow and outflows assets and liabilities in various time buckets based on the residual maturity. The gap is also derived considering forecasted inflow outflow and renewal prepayments options. The interest rate gap analysis is done by deriving gap of inflows (rate sensitive assets, RSA) and outflow (rate sensitive liabilities, RSL) in various time buckets based on interest rate reprising period. It shows the mismatches in each defined time buckets as well as at the overall level. On the basis of gap, interest rate risk for different interest rate movement is calculated. BRAC Bank Ltd. distributes its loan and advances in different ways. These are given below. Loans and advances 2006 2005 Overdrafts 1,622,104,860 1,300,948,646 Demand loans 993,364,955 965,503,471 Term loans 6,537,569,949 4,278,213,605 Lease finance (Note 7.2) 353,257,694 339,148,317 Small and medium ent erprises 9,937,018,916 4,852,960,094 Credit cards 1,229,884 Staff loans 97,194,773 52,344,311 19,541,741,031 11,789,118,444 Bills purchased and discounted 15,424,349 2,194,078 Total 19,557,165,380 11,791,312,522 BRAC bank allows maturity-wise grouping loan and advance to the borrower around the year. Maturity-wise grouping 2006 2005 Upto one month 92,951,763 1,127,324,795 More than one month but not more than three months 404,242,161 555,690,003 More than three months but not more than one year 2,016,426,274 2,703,883,776 More than one year but not more than five years 13,700,432,989 7,274,148,048 More than five years 3,343,112,193 130,265,900 Total 19,557,165,380 11,791,312,522 BRAC bank distributes its total loanable fund with a view to provide loan and overdraft. Loans and advances under the following broad categories Inside Bangladesh: 2006 2005 Loans 17,935,060,520 10,490,363,876 Overdrafts 1,622,104,860 1,300,948,646 19,557,165,380 11,791,312,522 Outside Bangladesh Total 19,557,165,380 11,791,312,522 Sector-wise allocation of loans and advances 2006 2005 Agriculture, fishing, forestry and dairy firm 1,001,916,113 471,634,345 Industry (jute, textiles, garments, chemicals, cements, etc.) 803,394,480 498,123,343 Working capital financing 1,845,968,883 452,225,832 Export credit 303,413 Commercial credit 9,845,341,742 5,890,511,616 Small and cottage industries 579,278,590 233,101,451 Miscellaneous 5,481,265,572 4,245,412,522 Total 19,557,165,380 11,791,312,522 PROVISIONING: After industrialization in the world we can see the eagerness of entrepreneurs in establishing industry. To establish industry entrepreneurs need huge amount of capital which they cannot afford without the help of bank. Banks provide them capital in order to obtain profit. Sometimes borrowers cannot repay the borrowed money. In order to adjust such kinds of problem banks always keep some fund against loan which is known as provision. In other word we can say that provisioning means setting aside fund in the banks of account profit and loss account against possible loan loss. BRAC bank maintains different provision rate on different types of classified loans and advances. Particulars Rate on General provision : Unclassified loans advances 1% Small enterprise 2% Consumer finance for house building loan and loan for professional setup 2% Consumer finance other than house building loan and loan for professional setup 5% Special mention account 5% Specific provision on: Substandard loans and advances 20% Doubtful loans and advances 50% Bad/loss loans and advances 100% Particulars of required provisions for loans and advances Base for provision 2006 2005 Status Taka Taka Unclassified 361,474,865 1 95,581,933 Special mentioned account 26,294,430 5 ,956,711 Classified Sub-standard 50,022,381 1 8,033,709 Doubtful 80,340,767 4 4,908,592 Bad/loss 116,554,342 4 8,677,371 Total 246,917,490 1 11,619,672 Required provision for loans and advances 634,686,785 3 13,158,316 Total provision maintained 646,426,378 3 40,020,211 Excess/(short) provision at 31 December 11,739,593 2 6,861,895 Now we can explain provision for loan and advance based on year given below: Particulars 2006 Taka 2005 Taka Specific balance at the beginning of the year 134,061,42 86,987,669 Add: provision made during the year 171,780,596 93,497,121 Total 305,842,16 180,484,790 IN case of provision and taxation in 2005 current tax is tk 498,511,560 and deferred tax is tk 44,082,214. In 2006 current tax is tk 246,289,944 and deferred tax is tk 7,902,214. Now we can b riefly explain current and deferred tan in different years. Provision for current taxation : Particulars 2006 Taka 2005 Taka Balance at the beginning of the year 246,289,944 110,552,935 Add: Provision made during the year 334,920,000 1 39,777,786 Total 581,209,944 2 50,330,721 Less: Adjustment of tax provision for previous years 82,698,384 4 ,040,777 Balance at the end of the year 498,511,560 2 46,289,944 Withholding tax payable Assessment up to the income year ended 31 December 2004 corresponding to the assessment year 2005-2006 has been Completed. Assessment for the year 2001 (assessment year 2002-2003) is under appeal with the High Court preferred by the bank Against tax departments demand for additional tax of Tk 3,367,206 which has been shown as contingent liability. Provision for deferred taxation 2006 2005 Balance at the beginning of the year 7,902,214 Add: Provision made during the year 36,180,000 7 ,902,214 Balance at the end of the year 44,082,214 7 ,902,214 BRAC bank maintains provision for classified and unclassified loan and advance in 2005 and 2006. Now we can explain the amount of provision for both types of loan and advance below- In 2005 provision for classified loan and advances is tk 93,497 and provision for unclassified loans and advances is tk 145,916,477. In 2006 provision for classified and unclassified loans and advances is tk 171,780,596 and 173,140,004. Provision for income tax is divided into two parts. Current Tax: According to the income tax ordinance, BRAC bank made its provision for income tax. In the review of year 2004 the current tax is tk 334,920,000. Deferred Tax: Using the liability method BRAC bank calculates deferred tax. In 2005 the amount of tax is tk 36,180,000 where tk 7,902,214 had been adjusted as a deferred tax. The objectives of loan classification and provi sioning are as follows- To introduce transparency in the operation of banks. To assess the capital adequacy of the individual banks and to prevent further erosion and for infusion of addition capital by the bank owners. To regularize follow-up and monitoring activities. To strengthen credit discipline and to infuse public confidence in the financial system. To improve recovery position and to transfer necessary amount from the income as interest suspense. To build up reserve over the years to cushion the shortfall arising from unforeseen losses at any subsequent period. To consolidate and provide necessary data, which will help the concerned authority of the bank as well as the government, and Bangladesh Bank in formulating necessary policies. Conclusion BRAC Bank has contributed in the national economy by investing a remarkable amount throughout the country. While analyzing the data of BRAC Bank Limited some findings and observations were pointed out as listed below: BRAC Bank Limited has already achieved a high growth rate accompanied by an impressive profit growth rate in 2008. The amount of deposit and investment are also increasing rapidly. This bank declared 30% stock dividend to every shareholders at December 31, 2008. BRAC Bank Limited has already established a favorable reputation in the banking industry of the country. It is one of the leading private sector commercial banks in Bangladesh with 71 branches, 60 SME Services center, 200+ATMs across the country (as on June 30, 2010). BRAC Bank ltd. has incorporated online banking system in their operation. All of the branches are now connected with this online banking system. BRAC Bank has introduced Debit and credit Card to promote its customers with 24 hours ban king facilities. BRAC Bank has achieved an outstanding performance in receiving foreign remittance. They have made quick money transfer into the country with the help of ATM booth. In order to accelerate the investment in small medium enterprise sector BRAC bank limited established 60 SME service centers. BRAC Bank should give more attention to advertisement for creating more attraction among its customers, which is helpful to collect more deposit and increase investments scope. Thats why bank should give emphasis on advertisement in various media like TV, News Paper, Internet and Billboard. In order to fostering economic growth, to generate employment reducing poverty BRAC Bank Limited may enhance their budgetary allocation and give more loan to the educated unemployed . To make more investment in Small and Medium Enterprise sector in order to contribute in national economic development the bank need to establish more loanable service with a view to the improve rural areas. The top management of the Bank is a key strength for the BRAC bank contributed the growth and development of the Bank. It has already established its banking sector having tremendous growth in the profits and deposits within a few years. Form the very beginning, BRAC bank tries to design their work as a whole with modern equipment and facilities for the speedy services to the customers. The Bank has installed money-countering machine in the cash counter. The bank has computerized itself from the beginning. BRAC bank has already collected huge amount of deposit from its client. Due to lack of government facilities in industrialization it cannot utilizes its fund properly. So considering share market as a safety place for investing BRAC bank using its money in share market. But this type of investment is very risky. BRAC bank provides continuous loan, demand loan, term loan and loan under SME. These types of loan are very fruitful for our country. Besides these another reason is come to us that Bangladesh is a developing country. Maximum people of our country live below the poverty line. The interest rate of those loans is very high relating to those people. If the bank reduces the interest rate of those loans all people might be helpful taking these loans. But relating to the interest rate loan under SME is perfect in our country. BRAC bank offers various types of loan. Such as-secured loan, unsecured loan, secured overdraft, home loan . Instead of giving these types of loans it takes some early settlement fees which is very low relating to the loan. BRAC bank has divided provision into two categories. These are- General provision Specific provision Under the specific provision BRAC bank maintain standard provision rate. That is 20% provision on sub-standard loan and advance, 50% provision on doubtful loan and advances, 100% provision of bad loan and advance. But under the general provision, provision rate is very few comparing to th e amount of loan. The upcoming private local banks can also create threats to the BRAC Bank. It is expected that in the next few yew years more local private bank may emerge. If that happens the intensity of competition will rise further and banks will have to develop strategy to compete with them.

The Chuckwallas and Evolutionary Research - 1627 Words

Ever since Charles Darwin’s first publication of â€Å"On the Origin of Species† in 1859, island habitats have been used by a number of scientists as the most efficient laboratories to observe the natural process of evolution taking place in modern-day organisms. Several kilometers northeast of the Galapagos Islands, where Darwin famously performed his research, is a small group of islands in the Sea of Cortà ©s, also known as the Gulf of California, between the Baja California peninsula and Mexico (see Figure 1 on page 18). Here many evolutionary biologists of the 20th and 21st century performed research on the insular organisms inhabiting these island habitats. One group of lizards in particular known by the common name chuckwallas has gained a lot of focus in evolutionary research. Chuckwallas is the name of organisms in the Sauromalus genus apart of the Iguanidae family. They are herbivorous lizards commonly found in the deserts of southwestern United States and Northern Mexico. Three species, in particular, are found on the islands off the cost of the mainland within the Sea of Cortà ©s: Sauromalus obesus (= ater), Sauromalus varius, and Sauromalus hispidus (see Figure 2 on page 20). S. obesus is a common species found on the mainland as well as few islands, while S. varius are S. hispidus are endemic to specific islands in the Sea of Cortà ©s: mainly San Esteban Island and Angel de la Guarda Island, respectively. Both of these insular species also show signs of gigantismShow MoreRelatedPredation Cost of Conspicuous Male Coloration in Collard Lizards (Crotaphytus collaris)1803 Words   |  8 Pagesxanthophores (yellow), or lecophores (white) based on the color of the pigments. The dispersal of these cells and the pigments and their orientation determin e the color patterns of the animal (Chromatophore 2013). Coloration is very critical in evolutionary biology because it can be used for protection, warning, and mate selection. Some organisms use crypsis to conceal themselves from predators and/or sneak up on prey. Other organisms may mimic others (usually a harmful species) in color and/or pattern

Kaymito Leaves as Antiseptic Mouthwash Essay Example For Students

Kaymito Leaves as Antiseptic Mouthwash Essay RESEARCH INFORMATION SERIES ON ECOSYSTEMS Volume 14 No. 2 May – August 2002 Propagation Management Of Herbal and Medicinal Plants by Eduardo B. Principe and Aurora S. Jose 2 Foreword This issue contains the first part of a series of information on the propagation management of medicinal plants. Medicinal plants abound in the country. They used to be sleeping treasure due to lack of knowledge on their importance and uses in alternative health care, limited research on the development of photochemical components of the plants, and other related R D undertakings on herbal products and medicines. We have consolidated relevant data and outputs of the training and pilot research conducted by ERDB on the integration of medicinal plants as agroforestry crops in the upland areas to provide useful information for farmers (upland or lowland) cooperatives, corporations, and other interested individuals. Production of medicinal plants in small or large-scale plantations will provide the pharmaceutical industry enough supply of raw materials. Propagating medicinal plants, especially in upland areas will not only be economically beneficial to the local people, but it will also help maintain a rich biodiversity in the ecosystem. CELSO P. DIAZ Director 3 Table of Contents Page Introduction. 4 Uses of 10 scientifically validated medicinal plants 4 Tips of growing herbal and medicinal plants: Site selection for growing medicinal plants. 4 General propagation methods for some medicinal plants 5 Harvesting and post handling of some medicinal plants 5 Drying medicinal plant parts.. 6 Additional safety guidelines on using medicinal plants 7 Role of ERDB-DENR. 7 Role of Farmer-Beneficiaries. 8 References.. 9 Table 1. Listing of Philippine herbal and medicinal plants promoted by the DOH. 10 Table 2. The different ways in which herbal medicine can be practiced and level of technology needed.. 2 4 Introduction The Philippine population grows at an average of 1. 7 million each year. One of the concerns that go with population increase is the problem on peoples health. The high cost of western medicines and treatment resulted in the growing number of self- medicating people. Many have also resorted to traditional medicines, thus the growing demand for natural products. Aside from financial considerations, people opt for natural products because they have become concerned of what they use as food and medicines. With this situation, the Department of health through the Philippine Institute f Traditional Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) under Republic Act No. 8423 endorsed the use of traditional medicines in the country. Medical plants abound in nature. Since most of them are available and easily accessible, these medicines are more affordable compared to synthetic drugs. Ten medicinal plants have been endorsed by the DOH-PITAHC, after they have been scientifically validated to ensure safety and efficacy. These are Acapulco, Ampalaya (Makiling variety), Lagundi (five leaflets), Bawang, Bayabas, Sambong, Niyug-niyogan, Tsaang-gubat, Yerba Buena, and Ulasimang bato (pansit-pansitan). Uses of 10 scientifically validated medicinal plants Plant Uses 1. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) 2. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera L. ) 3. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia L. ) 4. Garlic (Allium sativum) 5. Guava (Psidium guajava) 6. Tsaang-gubat (Carmona cetusa) 7. Yerba-Buena (Mentha arvensis) 8. Niyug-niyogan (Quisaualis indica) 9. Acapulco (Cassia alata) 10. Ulasimang-bato (Peperomia pellucida) Cough and asthma Anti-urolithiasis (kidney stones) Lowering blood sugar and anti-diabetes Anti-cholesterol Oral/skin antiseptic Mouth wash Analgesic or anti-pyretic Anti-helminthic Antifungal Anti-hyperurisemia Other medicinal plants which is folkarically validated (needs further study for clinical tests and trial) are represented in Table 1. Tips of growing herbal and medicinal plants A. Site selection for growing medicinal plants Free from pollution such that: Soil – no heavy metals, pesticide residues and high microbial count Air-way from road heavily traversed by motorized vehicle Air-way from farms using pesticides Water – no contamination with microorganisms and pesticides Accessible to motorized vehicles With reliable and clean water source 5 B. General propagation methods for some medicinal plants Propagation Plants Sexual Asexual Akapulko Ampalaya Lagundi Niyog-niyugan Sambong Tsaang gubat Ulasimang bato Yerba buena 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C. Harvesting and post handling of some medicinal plants Plant Part Harvesting Duration of Yield (kg) harvested Frequency How air drying per plant (;10% M. C. ) (garbled) 1. Akapulco Leaves 5-6 months after trans- planting (mat) and every 4 months thereafter Cut all branches 0. 75 m from the ground. Remove all leaves and minor branches. Leaves 4-5 major branches. 7 days 14. 21 days 1st harvest 0. 50 K fresh leaves. 2nd harvest 0. 70 K fresh leaves. 3rd harvest 1. K fresh leaves. 2. Ampalaya (Makiling variety Leaves 2-3 mat. and every week thereafter Cut branches 60 cm long from the tip 7 days 14 days 0. 40-0. 50 kg fresh leaves 3. Bawang Bulbs 100-120 days after planting drying of leaves Uproot the whole plant Tie bulbs together and hang indefinitely 3. 23 g dried bulbs or 3. 23 tons/ha (Batangas) 4. Bayabas Leaves 3-4 years after planting Remove healthy lea ves from stems 7 days 14-18 days 1st harvest (2 years after planting) 1. 40 kg fresh leaves 5. Lagundi Leaves 7-8 mat. and every 3-5 months thereafter Cut all branches 0. 75 m from the ground. Remove all leaves and minor branches. Leaves 4-5 major branches. 7 days 14-21 days 1st harvest 0. 80-0. 90 kg fresh leaves 2nd harvest 0. 95-1. 10 kg fresh leaves. 3rd harvest 1. 15-1. 30 kg fresh leaves. 6 6. Niyog- niyugan Fruits 2-3 years after planting every summer (March-May) Fruits have turned golden yellow Hand pick ripe fruits 14 days 30-45 days No ample data. Fruiting in UPLB is erratic 7. Tsaang gubat Leaves 7-8 mat. and every 4-5 months thereafter Cut all branches 0. 75 m from the ground. Leaves 4-5 major branches and remove minor branches. 4-5 days 14 days 1st harvest 0. 90-1. 00 kg resh leaves. 2nd harvest 1. 00-1. 50 kg fresh leaves. 3rd harvest 1. 50-2. 00 kg fresh leaves. 8. Sambong Leaves 3-5 mat. and every 3 months thereafter Remove all mature and healthy leaves. After 3-4 harvesting, prune plant 0. 5 m from the ground 7 days 14-21 days 1st harvest 0. 80-0. 90 kg fresh leaves. 2nd harvest 0. 90-1. 00 kg fresh leaves. 9. Ulisimang bato or Pansit- pansitan Whole plant minus roots 2. 5-3 mat. Uproot whole plant 30 days 90 days 0. 30-0. 50 kg fresh leaves and stems 10. Yerba Buena Leaves 2-3 mat. and 1-2 months thereafter up to 3 harvests Cut all branches 5 cm from the ase 7 days 14 days 1st harvest 0. 20-0. 30 kg fresh leaves and stems. 2nd harvest 0. 30-0. 40 kg fresh leaves and stems. 3rd harvest 0. 10-0. 20 kg fresh leaves and stems. D. Drying medicinal plant parts Before drying the different parts of 1. Medicinal plants, they undergo some tests to be sure that: moisture content of dried materials is ;10%; not moldy, without other pests, parts of other plants, nor stones and soil particles; microbial count and heavy metals are within allowable amounts; poisonous microorganisms are absent; no pesticides residues efficacy is almost similar to the standards. 7 2. Krystal D. Aaron EssayManila. Gomez, F. 1998. The rational use of medicinal plants in primary health care. Paper presented during the Conference on the 1998 BIO-Search. Department of Trade and Industry. Manila. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development. Department of Science and Technology. 1991. Selection and scientific validation of medicinal plants for primary health care. Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC). 1997. Republic Act. No. 8423, otherwise known as Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997. . 1995. Feasibility study on the integrated herbal processing of agundi, sambong, yerba Buena and tsaang-gubat. Prepared by PCHRD, DOST. The Asia and Pacific Centre for Research. June 1995. Traditional Medicine Unit. 1992. Gabay sa Paggamit ng 10 Halamang Gamot. Department of Health. Ubaldo, J. B. 1997. Perspectives on integrated health care and herbal medicine. Kalayaan Press Marketing Enterprises, Inc. 50 Kalayaan St. , Dilim an, Quezon City. 10 Table 1. Listing of Philippine herbal and medicinal plants promoted by the DOH. Common name Folkalorically-validated (needs further scientific Studies) Scientific name Uses 1. Abukado Persea americana Diarrhea/wounds . Abutra Arcangelista flava Wounds/pruritis 3. Alagaw Premna odorata Fever/headache gaseous distention/ cough/aromatic bath 4. Anis Foeniculum odorata Gaseous distention dizziness/fainting Hysteria 5. Balanoy Ocimum basilicum Dizziness/fainting hysteria/toothache cough/arthritis wounds/antifungal 6. Balatong aso Cassia occidentis Antifungal 7. Balimbing Averrhoa carambola Antipyretic 8. Bani Pongamia pinnata Gaseous distention 9. Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa Kidney and bladder problems 10. Barak Curcuma zedoaria Gaseous distention 11. Dalanghita Citrus nobilis Dizziness/fainting ysteria/aromatic bath 12. Damong maria Artemmisa vulgaris Headache/wounds gaseous distention 13. Dayap Ditrus aurantifolia Fever/dizziness faiting/hysteria aromatic bath 14. Dilaw Curcuma longa Wounds/gaseous distention 15. Duhat Syzygium cumini Swollen gums/wounds 16. Eucalyptus Eucalyptus sp. Wounds/cough 17. Gatas-gatas Euphorbia hirta Skin antiseptic 18. Gugo Entada phaseoloides Hair growth stimulant 19. Gulasiman Portulaca oleracea Skin antiseptic 20. Gumamela Hibiscus rosasinensis Superficial burns/abscess 21. Ikmo Piper betle Gaseous distention sprain/wounds 2. Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala Antihelmintic 23. Kabling Pogostemon cablin Arthritis/aromatic bath Scabies/sprains/pruritus 24. Kabuyaw Citrus hystrix Dizziness/fainting hysteria/aromatic bath 25. Kakawati Gliricidia sepium Scabies/sprains/pruritus 26. Kalamansi Citrus microcarpa Dizziness/fainting hysteria/aromatic bath 27. Kalantas Toona calantas Skin antiseptic 28. Kalatsutsi Plumiera acuminata Scabies 29. Kamakamatisan Solanum nigrum Skin antiseptic 30. Kamantigi Impatiens balsamina Antifungal/abscess 31. Kamote Ipomea batatas Constipation 32. Kamoteng kahoy Manihot esculenta Constipation/pruritus 33. Kamyas Averrhoea bilimbi Antipyretic 11 34. Kanya pistula Casia fistula Antifungal/constipation 35. Kangkong Ipomea aquation Constipation 36. Kasoy Anarcadium occidentele Swollen gums/constipation 37. Kaymito Chrysophyllum caimito Diarrhea/swollen gums 38. Kintsay Apium graveolensis Poisoning 39. Kugon Imperata cylindrical Diuretic 40. Lantana Lantana camara Arthritis/sprain 41. Lanting Plantago major Swollen gums/wounds 42. Linga Sesamum orientale Constipation 43. Luya Zingiber officinale Gaseous distention/cough 44. Mais Zee mays Diuretic/pruritus 45. Makabuhay Moringa oleifera Scabies/antiseptic 46. Malunggay Moringa oleifera Arthritis/scabies wounds/constipation 47. Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana Diarrhea/stomach pain 48. Mani Arachis hypogaea Constipation 49. Mansanilya Chrysantenum indicum Gaseous distention headache/adscesses 50. Manga Mangifera indica Aromatic bath/cough fever/vaginal wash 51. Mayana Coleus blumei Headache/sprains 52. Niyog Cocos nucifera Constipation/oral dehydration 53. Oregano Coleus amboinicus Gaseous distention cough/burns 54. Palay Oryza sativa Constipation/pruritus 5. Pandan mabango Pandanus odoratissmus Analgesic 56. Papaya Carica papaya Constipation/wounds 57. Pili Canarium ovatum Constipation/abscesses 58. Romero Rosmarinus officinalis Gaseous distention aromatic bath 59. Sabila Aloe barbadensis Hair growth/stimulant burns/wounds 60. Sampalok Tamarindus indica Fever/cough/wounds vaginal wash/aromatic bath 61. Siling labuyo Capsicum frutescens Arthritis 62. Soroso ro Euphorbia neriifolia Otitis media 63. Suha Citrus grandis Fever/dizziness fainting/hysteria aromatic bath 64. Sulasi Ocimum sanctum Toothache/dizziness gaseous distention ainting/hysteria/arthritis wounds/anti-fungal aromatic bath 65. Suob kabayo Hyptuis suaveolens Toothache/headache 66. Talumpanay Datura metel Antiasthma/abscess 67. Tangan-tangan Ricinus communis Skin antiseptic 68. Tanglad Andropogon citrates Gaseous distention mouthwash/aromatic bath 69. Tubang bakod Jatropha curcas Sprain Source: Department of Health Circular No. 168-A, Series of 1995. 12 Table 2. The different ways in which herbal medicine can be practiced and level of technology needed. Practice of herbal medicine Technology needed Traditional/household use Small-scale production for localized arket Medium-scale industrial production Large-scale industrial production, import and export Direct use of plant material: decoction, direct application, etc. Simple drying and packaging Controlled processes: drying, tableting, simple extraction, suspension, etc. Basic quality assurance Control processes Full quality assurance Wide range of pharmaceutical forms from crude form to extract and pure compound Production in plantation or using biotechnology Source: Paper presented by Dr. Francis M. Dayrit during the Conference on 1998 BIO- Search, Philippine Trade Center, Manila.

Science; Rainforests And Earth The Tropical Rainforests Of The World I

Science; Rainforests and Earth The Tropical Rainforests of the World In this term paper, I will explain the great importance of the tropical Rainforests around the world and discuss the effects of the tragedy of rainforest destruction and the effect that it is having on the earth. I will talk about the efforts being made to help curb the rate of rainforest destruction and the peoples of the rainforest, and I will explore a new topic in the fight to save the rainforest, habitat fragmentation. Another topic being discussed is the many different types of rainforest species and their uniqueness from the rest of the world. First, I will discuss the many species of rare and exotic animals, Native to the Rainforest. Tropical Rainforests are home to many of the strangest looking and most beautiful, largest and smallest, most dangerous and least frightening, loudest and quietest animals on earth. There are many types of animals that make their homes in the rainforest some of them in clude: jaguars, toucans, parrots, gorillas, and tarantulas. There are so many fascinating animals in tropical rainforest that millions have not even identified yet. In fact, about half of the world's species have not even been identified yet. But sadly, an average of 35 species of rainforest animals are becoming extinct every day. So many species of animals live in the rainforest than any other parts of the world because rainforests are believed to be the oldest ecosystem on earth. Some forests in southeast Asia have been around for at least 100 million years, ever since the dinosaurs have roamed the earth. During the ice ages, the last of which occurred about 10,000 years ago, the frozen areas of the North and South Poles spread over much of the earth, causing huge numbers of extinctions. But the giant freeze did not reach many tropical rainforests. Therefore, these plants and animals could continue to evolve, developing into the most diverse and complex ecosystems on earth. The n early perfect conditions for life also help contribute to the great number of species. With temperatures constant at about 75-80 degrees Fahrenheit the whole year, the animals don't have to worry about freezing during the cold winters or finding hot shade in the summers. They rarely have to search for water, as rain falls almost every day in tropical rainforests. Some rainforest species have populations that number in the millions. Other species consist of only a few dozen individuals. Living in limited areas, most of these species are found nowhere else on earth. For example, the maues marmoset, a species of monkey, wasn't discovered until recently. It's entire tiny population lives within a few square miles in the Amazon rainforest. This species of monkey is so small that it could fit into a persons hand! In a rainforest, it is difficult to see many things other than the millions of insects creeping and crawling around in every layer of the forest. Scientists estimate that there a re more than 50 million different species of invertebrates living in rainforests. A biologist researching the rainforest found 50 different of ants on a single tree in Peru! A few hours of poking around in a rainforest would produce several insects unknown to science. The constant search for food , water, sunlight and space is a 24-hour pushing and shoving match. With this fierce competition, it is amazing that that so many species of animals can all live together. But this is actually the cause of the huge number of the different species. The main secret lies in the ability of many animals to adapt to eating a specific plant or animal, which few other species are able to eat. An example of such adaptations would be the big beaks of the toucans and parrots. Their beaks give them a great advantage over other birds with smaller beaks. The fruits and nuts from many trees have evolved with a tough shell to protect them from predators. In turn toucans and parrots developed large, strong beaks, which serves as a nutcracker and provides them with many tasty meals. Many animal species have developed relationships with each other that benefit both species. Birds and mammal species love to eat

Free Essays on Geologic Formation of Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania’s land started with the idea of plate tectonics and convection currents. The mantle of the Earth is hotter than the lithosphere, which causes materials to sink and eventually rise back up to the surface. These continents move towards or away from each other with convection currents. Then, during the Ordovician Period mountain building occurred. Convection currents that pulled the continents together formed the Appalachian Mountains. Subduction of materials causes volcanoes to form, and volcanoes eventually covered the water that left ash or Bentonite in the quarries today. Next, during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods North America still remained above the sea. Eventually weathering wore away the surface of the land, and erosion moved these sediments away. The sediments that were deposited formed limestone. Limestone is also called carbonates that are formed by chemical deposition. Limestone is made out of shells of marine animals and mineral partic les and is deposited far offshore in warm areas. This formation later settles on the seafloor and turns back into rock. Mud was also deposited farther offshore creating silt and clay. These sediment particles created Martinsburg shale. At the end of the Ordovician period, sand and gravel were deposited close to the shoreline that later formed Tuscarora sandstone. The Jacksonburg limestone and Bentonite Ash were found at the Eastern Industries Quarry. The Eastern Industry Quarry is an open pit mine, whose rocks formed around 500-450 MYA. Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed by chemical composition. The original deposit of limestone in Pennsylvania was 500 to 1,400 feet thick. Limestone may contain graphite, quartz, and calcite, but it’s mainly composed of calcite and dolomite. Bentonite is volcanic ash transformed into clay. The lighter the color of ash the softer it is, and the darker the color of ash the harder it is. Bentonite may also contain ... Free Essays on Geologic Formation of Pennsylvania Free Essays on Geologic Formation of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania’s land started with the idea of plate tectonics and convection currents. The mantle of the Earth is hotter than the lithosphere, which causes materials to sink and eventually rise back up to the surface. These continents move towards or away from each other with convection currents. Then, during the Ordovician Period mountain building occurred. Convection currents that pulled the continents together formed the Appalachian Mountains. Subduction of materials causes volcanoes to form, and volcanoes eventually covered the water that left ash or Bentonite in the quarries today. Next, during the Cambrian and Ordovician periods North America still remained above the sea. Eventually weathering wore away the surface of the land, and erosion moved these sediments away. The sediments that were deposited formed limestone. Limestone is also called carbonates that are formed by chemical deposition. Limestone is made out of shells of marine animals and mineral partic les and is deposited far offshore in warm areas. This formation later settles on the seafloor and turns back into rock. Mud was also deposited farther offshore creating silt and clay. These sediment particles created Martinsburg shale. At the end of the Ordovician period, sand and gravel were deposited close to the shoreline that later formed Tuscarora sandstone. The Jacksonburg limestone and Bentonite Ash were found at the Eastern Industries Quarry. The Eastern Industry Quarry is an open pit mine, whose rocks formed around 500-450 MYA. Limestone is a sedimentary rock formed by chemical composition. The original deposit of limestone in Pennsylvania was 500 to 1,400 feet thick. Limestone may contain graphite, quartz, and calcite, but it’s mainly composed of calcite and dolomite. Bentonite is volcanic ash transformed into clay. The lighter the color of ash the softer it is, and the darker the color of ash the harder it is. Bentonite may also contain ...

Microbiology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microbiology - Lab Report Example respectively. Introduction: Bacteria are ubiquitous in nature. They are beneficial and harmful to the human beings and animals. Bacteria are present in the food. Probiotics supplements contain specific strains of bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria to increase the gut flora. Beneficial bacteria are present in the food and produce many important biological molecules. In the mozzarella cheese, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are present. Camembert cheese contains lactococcus and penicillium species are present. (Waites et al. 2009). Bacteria can be differentiated based on the enzymes secreted by them. Some enzymes are secreted out by the micro organisms enabling simple biochemical tests. The major exo enzymes present in bacteria are amylases, caseinase, gelatinase (hydrolytic enzymes), oxidase and catalase. (Gunasekaran 2007). Since most of the exoenzymes are hydrolytic enzymes which break down complex substances into simpler molecules, they are us ed as identifiers for the bacteria. (Sharma 2007). Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water and oxidase oxidizes dichlorophenol indophenols from colorless to blue or red. (Benson 2001). The microorganisms present in the given samples can be isolated using the serial dilution technique and plated in the culture medium. The organisms are either gram positive or gram negative. The results obtained from the biochemical tests are used for the identification of the bacteria up to the genus level. (Reed et al. 2007). The number of bacteria present in the given sample is identified as the number of colony forming units. Colony forming units are then used to identify the number of bacteria present in the given diluted sample (Reed et al, 2007). The number of bacteria present in the given sample is calculated using the formula: Number of cells per gram = (Number of colonies (CFUs)) / (dilution x amount plated). The main objectives of this study are 1. Isolation of individual colonies from the given Probiotics, mozzarella cheese and camembert cheese samples. 2. Identification of the bacteria present in the given samples using the biochemical tests. Results: Table 1: food type and the morphological characteristics: Food type characteristics Probiotics 10-6 Circular, cream, raised and undulate Camembert 10-5 Pink, circular, convex and entire Camembert 10-4 Cream, punkiform , entire and convex Mozzarella 10-4 Brown, entire , circular Table 2: Colony count data Sample x10-3 x10-4 x10-5 x10-6 x10-7 probiotic - Greater than 300 Greater than 300 246 - Final count - 3 x 10^8 CFU / ml 3 x 10^9 CFU / ml 2.49 x 10^9 CFU / ml - Camembert 210 104 44 - - Final count 2.1 x 10^6 CFU /g 1.04 x 10^7 CFU / g 4.4 x 10^6 CFU / g - - Mozzarella 3 1 0 - - Final count 3 x 10^4 CFU / g 1x 10^5 CFU / g - - - Figure 1: The number of cells present in the given samples versus the dilution factor: Sample Colony characteristics Food characteristics Catalase Oxidase Gram stain String t est Agglutination Probiotics 10-6 Soured , acidic Circular, cream, raised and undulate x x Positive (blue colored rod shaped cells) v X ( no agglutination was formed ) Probiotics 10-5, Soured , acidic C

HUNTING THE NIGHTMARE BACTERIA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUNTING THE NIGHTMARE BACTERIA - Essay Example Bacterial infections long before the discovery of penicillin used to result in deaths from simple infected wounds. As times progressed, scientific intervention relieved people from the fatality of sepsis. However resistant genes and bacteria seem to have brought back such infections. In the case of Addie Rerecich, a MRSA infection from a single scrape wound resulted, which aggravated upon further treatment and multiplied due to medical intervention, exacerbating her debility to the point where doctors deemed it untreatable, yet bought her some time with surgical intervention. Similarly David Ricci introduced NMD-1 into the United States, leaving doctors who had never treated a patient for such a bacteria; no choice but to quarantine him. Likewise, the alarming outbreak of KPC in New York threatened patient admission in the NIH, leaving the doctors baffled with the inability to control the spread of such a bacteria. The resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has thus posed problems for the doctors, pharmacists, microbiologists and researchers time after time due to the fact that medical resources are finite and the invading organisms are gaining strength in their pathogenicity. As a result, medicines no longer prevent their spread as efficiently as they used to. There are many possible reasons that may have fueled the growth of resistant bacteria beyond the control of health specialists. Firstly, the antibiotics are often prescribed for ailments that do not require them, which results in bacteria becoming resistant to a specific class of anti-microbial drugs. Secondly, it is due to the silent spread of these bacteria across individuals who often do not exhibit symptoms unless it is too late and the bacteria have spread. Unlike humans, the bacteria can transmit mutated genes across contaminated water and grow resistant to antibiotic medication even before they have entered their hosts. Moreover, it may also result

Year of Wonder Explores the Complexity Essay Example for Free

Year of Wonder Explores the Complexity Essay Year of Wonder explores the complexity of human nature and the consequences of human actions â€Å"He brought the wide world with him† Anna Frith admires George Viccars for being well-travelled but does not realise that he has brought not only his knowledge of the world but also the perils of disease with him. Silhouetted against the sepulchral backdrop of the blighted Eyam, Geraldine Brooks depicts a community caught in extraordinary times in her historical novel â€Å"Year of Wonder†. The novel conveys the complications and ramifications of human nature and human actions, interwoven with the cultural value of religion and beliefs in addition to the social value of trust. Brooks illustrates that the nature suspect and distrust has stemmed from the Plague, as well as the fact that to a degree, all humans have similar nature. Whilst some responded positively to these catastrophic turn of events, others suffered server negative impact to this result of human action. The similarities in nature between characters are evident in the novel. Through the first person narrative of Anna Frith, readers are invited to see the whole story from her perspective and insights on her own life and personality. As the intricacies of the plot unfolds, we began to see that, indeed, Anna was lost in an abyss of pain and suffering, yet in response to it, she has grown strong, no longer a child â€Å"to quail at terrors†. Since our first glimpse at her, Anna has proven herself to be a capable care-taker. Although her role is Michael Mompellion’s servant is quite circumscribed, she always goes beyond the restrict scopes of her duties in attempting to coax him out of his melancholia. She often takes on a mothering role towards Michael, as she says â€Å"treating him as if he was my child†. In result of her actions towards Mompellion, she saw the need to nurture others, even motherless child or plagued victims. As those around her starts to shrug off their responsibilities, Anna begin to shoulder more burdens then running a household and bringing solace to the afflicted. Just like Anna, Elinor Mompellion possesses a â€Å"sinewy mind† with a â€Å"driving energy†. She is a well-educated woman, whom, when first mentioned in the novel, is educating Anna on how to read. Elinor does not respect the division between â€Å"weak and strong, between men and woman, laborer and lord†, as Anna recalls â€Å"she never reminded me of my place (as a servant)†. Hence, the author’s ability to depict the complexity of human nature is evident in the novel as the personalities of characters are, to an extent, similar from each other. One of the fatal effects of the plague is that it breeds the human nature of mutual suspicion and distrust. It is possible that the plague is merely exacerbating tensions already present with in the village but it does so to an unprecedented degree. Thus, certain individuals of a somewhat antisocial and self-serving bent find their actions and inclinations magnified by the advent of the Plague. Josiah Bont, who is Anna’s abusive father, becomes a gravedigger, willing to pursue homicide as a stimulus to his profits; his wife, Aphra, shamelessly exploits the anxieties of her fellow villagers for monetary gain by pretending to be the ghost of the deceased Anys Gowdie. In what is, perhaps, a less culpable fashion, David Burton seizes the opportunity to advance his own interest at the expense of Merry Wickord, whose family mine has been left open to claim by the death of her parents. Instances such as these suggest that Michael Mompellion’s assertion that â€Å"the Plague will make heroes of us all†, however optimistic, is not well founded. Even more strikingly, the readiness of the villagers to turn against Mem and Anys Gowdie, whose service as healers have been much in demand, indicates that the plague deepens the rifts already exists in the community. As Jon Millstone comments, there is a grave danger that the time â€Å"will make monsters of us all†. Therefore it is the villagers own nature which acts as the catalyst for further tragic events. The onslaught of the plague has scarred numerous villagers in Eyam. As the plague creeps further into the village, people who begin to face corruption as they undergo catastrophic changes are omnipresent throughout the novel. Ever since the plague arrived, the villagers did not see it as an act of nature, but rather as a curse, as they are blinded by their own beliefs, relaying on superstition and living in the false reality of religion. In result, they saw the tailor, George Vicars, as the Devil and the architect of the plague. There for, they believed that Anys, who slept with George, as a witch and killed her. This was the first response to the crisis, a response of fear and panicking, as the villagers looking for a scapegoat for the cause of this problem. As Anna suffers the loss of both of her sons, she begins to seek comfort in the graveyard. She also begins to question â€Å"how can the just and merciful God take the life of innocents†. Soon after she became addicted to opiates and going as far as to stealing them, thus giving us insights on Anna’s weakness and the first crack in her religion. Others who are desperate in seeking sanctuary in such times also turned their backs on religion as they trust in the ‘ghost of Anys Gowdie’, who offers them demonic rituals, charms and spells in return for money. It is evident that in this novel, the certain characters walked the wrong path from desperation and resulted in unpredicted results. It is apparent however, that although the plague decayed the mind of almost the entire village, there are still those who fought for what they believed in and survived the corruption. After the arrival of the plague, it was always Mompellion who stands in front of the villagers and convincing in an optimistic tone that â€Å"trust in God to perform his wonders†. Such speech is the signpost the beginning to his leadership, which has also planted the seeds of discord between superstition and faith. His usage of God and trust are an obvious plot to influence the townspeople to trust and believe him. Through all the disorder, unexpected alliances are made. Mompelion confers with Puritan Thomas Stanley, a Purtian who quitted the parish three years ago. Thus showing that in times of crisis, religious differences can be overcome to unify for greater cause of human survival. Anna has encountered countless barrages alone the path, however because of her work and friend ship with Elinor, she was also able to rise from the adversity. After she discovers the truth about him and Elinor, she stands up to Mompellion as well as the Bradfords, thus breaking the social structure. Because of the plague, Anna metaphorically transformed from a simple, uneducated girl to a powerful, formidable woman. She escaped from her past and is able to create a promising future for herself and her children. Therefore, it can be said that a beacon of juxtaposition shines between those who survive and those who don’t, allowing the readers to see the different outcomes. In essences, the plague itself does not produce heroes or monsters, unity or division. It only amplifies the human natures which individuals already possess, in addition to the similarities and differences in nature between characters. Hence, there are those who like Anna, can emerge from the experience of the plague and responded with positive actions, and those that reached a breaking point in such times and suffered consequences as a result. The plague symbolises a test, just like in a furnace in which all must be melted to find the pure metal.

Ancient Civilizations Essay example -- essays research papers

Early American Civilizations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early American civilizations were composed of four different groups of people. These four groups were composed of the Mayas, Aztecs, Incas, and the North Americans. These groups were the same in many ways, but had some differences that would distinguish their group from the others. These civilizations ruled the Americas for long period of time. These civilizations were the same in almost every way, but they had their differences to show that they were a totally different group of people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first group that is going to be discussed is the Mayas. The Mayas were thought to be peaceful stargazers for a long time, but not until recently the truth was uncovered about the Mayas. The Mayas were actually rulers of the populous, aggressive city-states. The Mayas built large temples for the glory of the kings and sometimes the queens who ruled cities of tens of thousands. They also had a liking for self-mutilation, warfare, and a prolonged torture of captives. The Mayas had warfare with rival cities frequently. For the most part the Mayas did this to capture aristocrats for torture and sacrifice. If the Mayas sacrificed fewer humans than the Aztecs, against whom they often had been held up as superior, they tortured their victims more viciously. One way they would torture people is, in ancient ball games, like Roman gladiatorial contests, pitted   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   captives were against one another for their lives; the heads of losers were sometimes used for balls. In this selection Reilly mentions how a king would prepare for war. He said, “Before going to war, for example, the king would puncture his penis with a stingray spine, while his wife drew a thorn-barbed rope through her tongue'; (Reilly, 326). The Mayas thought this was a vital process for s... ...ey had a pretty good communication system, but nothing as good as the Incas. The difference that separates the North Americans from the other groups is that they had the impressive mounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These groups had their distinct similarities, but the differences set them apart. The way for the Mayas to distinct themselves from the others is that they had harmony among all the groups of people. The Aztecs were different because they seemed to be stricter about things, and they didn’t have the harmony among all the people like the Mayas. Unlike the others, Inca’s rulers tried to keep in touch with the people he ruled over, and the Incas had a great source of communication unlike the others. The North Americans separated themselves by being less cruel to people, and had those huge mounds, which were very impressive structures. Even though they were the same in most ways, these people were different in a lot of ways. If the weren’t, then it would have been one group of people ruling the Americas. These slight differences make these people stand out against one another and the rest of the world because of their huge accomplishments.

History of India Essay

India, or Bharat, the fifth largest and the second populated country in the world, is one of the few countries which can boast of an ancient, deep-rooted and diverse culture, which stretches back to 5000 years. In ancient times, India was known as ‘Bharata Varsha’, the country of the legendary king of Puranic times called Bharat, and was believed to be a part of the island continent called ‘Jambu Dvipa’. Geologically speaking, India formed part of the Gondwana land and was attached to Antarctica and Australia, before it was liberated from the Antarctica complex about 135 million years ago and started drifting towards the north and finally joining South Asia about 45 million years ago. The Siwalik foothills of the north-western Himalayas served as home to the fossil primate genus known as Ramapithecus, which lived some 14 million years ago. Researches have also found that a species resembling the Australopithecus lived in India some 2 million years ago. Some anthropologists believe that the Chotanagpur region witnessed the transformation of Homo Erectus to Homo Sapiens. This claim is based on the findings of hand axes and blades in the region of Pathalgarwa and the discovery of Harappan pottery in the nearby areas. Early Civilisations Extensive archaeological excavations carried out at Mohenjodaro in the present Pakistan in 1922 brought to light the existence of a highly sophisticated and urbanized culture known as the Harappan Civilization in India, which dominated the north-western part of the Indian Subcontinent. It is believed that this civilisation covered an area of 1600 km from east to west and 1100 km from north to south, which exceeds the area occupied by contemporary civilisations like the Egyptian and Mesopotamian Civilisations. This civilisation is generally dated from about 2600 to 2000 B.C. However, Carbon-14 analysis of the structures at Mehrgarh near the Bolan Pass has indicated that the people of this place were growing wheat and barley and tending sheep and goat as early as 5000 B.C. Archaeologists have by now discovered more than 800 sites related to the Harappan Civilisation. Most scholars believe that the Harappan Civilisation was decayed as a result of the ‘problems of ecology’. The next most important phase in the Indian history came centuries later with the advent of Aryans from the northwest of India. The Aryan migration to India was gradual and spread over many centuries. There is a difference of opinion about the original home of the Aryans. The different suggestions given by different scholars vary considerably in terms of geographic position in the world. Bal Gangadhar Tilak suggested that the Arctic region could be the home of Aryans. P.Giles suggested Hungary, Austria, Bohemia or the Valley of Danube as the possible home of Aryans, while Max Muller suggested Central Asia, Penka suggested Germany or Scandinavia, Edward Mayer suggested Plateau of Pamir and Dr B.K.Ghosh and Gordon Childe suggested South Russia. There are others who vouch for an Indian origin of the Aryans, like Ganganath Jha (origin from Brahmarishi Desh), D.S.Kala (hilly region of Himalayas and Kashmir), Avinashchandra Das (Saptasindhu Pradesh) and Rajbali Pandey (Madhya Desh). The Aryans developed a remarkable culture, popularly known as Vedic culture, which was markedly different from the Harappan Culture. The Vedic period is divided into the Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 B.C.) and the Later Vedic Period (1000-600 B.C.). The Vedic period can be considered as the foundation stone for the Indian culture in all its multitudinous aspects. It laid the foundation for the Hindu Dharma and produced a host of religious and secular texts, which constitute a very important part of the religious heritage of India. The Vedas, Upavedas, Upanishads, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and the Dharmashastras were produced during these times. The institution of gotra and the caste system appeared in the later Vedic times. From this period onwards, India functioned as a virtually self-contained political and cultural unit, which gave rise to a distinctive tradition that was associated primarily with Hinduism, although other religions, notably Buddhism and Jainism in the ancient times, Islam in the medieval period and Christianity in the modern times, did make a strong impact on the socio-cultural aspects of India. Endless Diversity There is an endless diversity in India starting from its physical features to Geologic structure, fauna and flora, demographic structure, races, languages, religions, arts and crafts and customs and traditions. India has been variously described as â€Å"the Mini World†, the â€Å"epitome of the world† and an â€Å"ethnological museum†. The diversities are so bewildering that for many people in the Western world, India remains a land full of mysteries and myths. The diversity in India is unique in the sense that it binds the country together in some form of common identification. Underneath this diversity lies the continuity of Indian civilization and social structure from the very earliest times until the present day. This concept of ‘Unity in Diversity’ is perhaps typical of India and has served as its strength during all ages and during the roughest times in its political and cultural history. It is amazing that different elements of Indian culture, particularly its drama and the arts, despite passing through different political phases, are characterised by an unmistakable unity and continuity. The successive waves of migration into India starting with the Indo-Greeks (2nd Century B.C.), the Kushans (First century A.D.), the incursions from the northwest by Arab, Turkish, Persian and others beginning in the early 8th century A.D. and finally the establishment of the Muslim empire by the 13th century A.D. and the advent of Europeans ‘ the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English, the Danes and the French ‘ into India, have brought in new elements in arts, music, literature, customs and traditions, which got absorbed into the Indian way of life, thus enriching the Indian culture . From the very ancient times India not only absorbed the foreign cultures into its composite fold, but it also managed to spread the rich elements of its own unique culture in different parts of the world. It is historically recorded that the Chola rulers had cultural contacts with countries like Ilamandalam (Sri Lanka), Sri Vijaya (Sumatra), Chavakam (Java), Kamboja (Cambodia) and Kadaram (Malay Peninsula). Evidences of these early Indian contacts are still found in the art and architecture of these countries. The Southeast Asian countries formed a stronghold of Indian culture from the early centuries of the Christian era. The various Southeast Asian languages show strong influence of Sanskrit. Many earlier kingdoms of these countries had adopted Hinduism as their religion, whose influence is perceptible even today. India presents a picture of unity in diversity to which history provides no parallel. There is complete harmony in India in each of its cultural elements. Religion and philosophy, which forms the bedrock of any civilisation, are evident in India in the form of all major religions in the world — Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism and Judaism. Several unique philosophical thoughts like Kapila’s Sankhya Philosophy, Patanjali’s Yoga, Gautami’s Nyaya, Kananada’s Vaisheshika and Jaimini’s Purva Mimamsa developed in India and attracted the attention of the outside world. Religious tolerance has been the characteristic of the Indian civilisation right from the ancient days. Hindu sages declare that there is no single religion that teaches ways leading to an exclusive path to salvation. All genuine spiritual paths are valid and all great religions are like the branches of a tree ‘ the tree of religion. This doctrine lays foundation for the Hindu ideal of universal harmony. This tradition was carried forward in the medieval times by the Sufi and Bhakti saints like Ramananda, Kabir, Guru Nanak, Baba Farid, Baba Malukadasa, Baba Dharinidasa and Garibadasa. Indeed, the framers of the Indian Constitution ensured the continuance of these glorious traditions when they declared India as â€Å"Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic†. Regional Diversity: Each state of India has its own language and set of tribes, festivals, arts and crafts and customs and traditions. While there are the Chenchus tribes in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, Bhils and Gonds in the Central India, Dogris, Gujjars and Ladakhis in the Jammu and Kashmir and Nagas, Bodos, Mishmis, Gharos and Khasis in the Northeast, there are tribes like the Jarewas, Onges, Andamanis and Sentinelese in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. There are some festivals, which are typical of particular states, towns or villages like the Bonnalu of Andhra Pradesh, Pushkar of Rajasthan, Rajrani of Orissa, Teej of Rajasthan and Bogali Bihu of Assam. Each region is also identified with its typical folk and tribal dance forms, like Puli Vesham of Andhra Pradesh, Keli Gopal of Assam, Chhau of Bihar, Dandia of Gujarat, Bhangra of Punjab and Otthanthulal of Kerala. A similar distinction can also be established in the folk drama, theatre and puppetry forms, as also the arts and crafts. Development of Arts and Fine Arts There was a continuous evolution of drama, music, dance, painting and folk art forms under the different political rules in India that ultimately led to the development of the definite ‘Indian’ element in each of these forms. Thus, within the ambience of Indian culture one can identify ‘Indian Music’, ‘Indian Dance’, ‘Indian Theatre’, ‘Indian Literature’, ‘Indian Fairs and Festivals’ and so on. Indian music has a very long and unbroken tradition, which is an accumulated heritage of centuries and traces its roots to Vedic days. Bharata’s Natyashastra (4th Century A.D.) is a great, comprehensive work on the science and technique of Indian drama, dance and music. The advent of Muslim rule in India brought in a changed perspective in the style of the Northern Indian music. The traditional Hindu devotional music form of dhruvapad got transformed into the classical dhrupad form of singing under the Muslim rule. The khayal developed as a new form of singing in the 18th century A.D. and became equally popular among the Hindus and Muslims. Different ragas began to be introduced from the medieval times. Tansen created many new ragas like Darbari Kanada, Darbari Todi, Miyan Ki Todi, Miya ki Malhar and Miya ki Sarang, which until now, are regarded as the foremost ragas of Northern India. Sultan Hussain Sarki of Jaunpur introduced ragas like Jaunpuri tori and Hussaini Kanada. Amir Khusro is credited with the creation of the Hemant, Prabhat Kali and Hem Behag ragas. A large variety of foreign musical instruments like Harmonium, Sarod, Shehnai, Sitar, Tabla and Violin were introduced in India to supplement the ancient musical instruments like Flute, Nadaswaram, Veena, Gootuvadhyam, Thavil, Mridangam and Plain drum. The six outstanding Sanskrit playwrights of all times, Shudraka, Harsha, VisakhA.D.atta, Bhasa, Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti have made tremendous contributions in the field of dramatics. Kalidasa’s Shakuntala, King Harsha’s Ratnavali, Bhasa’s Swapna-vasavadatta, Bhavabhuti’s Uttara-rama-charita and Mahavira-charita, Visakhadatta’s Mudrarakshasa are some of the outstanding Sanskrit plays, which indicate that India had a highly sophisticated theatre tradition in ancient times when in most other countries it was still in its infancy. Again in the field of literature, the earliest writing can be traced to the Rig Vedic poetry in Sanskrit. The Rigveda consists of 1028 suktas or hymns that are distributed in ten books called mandalas. This is perhaps, the earliest poetry in the world. The two great Sanskrit epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata composed by Valmiki and Vyasa respectively, along with the Puranas, constitute the pillars of the Indian literature. The Manu Smriti (1st century B.C.) is the best illustrator of the Dharma-sastras or Smritis or the Hindu religious laws. Kalidasa, Bairavi, Sudraka, Vishnu Sharma, Dandin and others composed several literary masterpieces in the ancient times. India’s contribution to the world was also immense in the field of astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Aryabhatta was the first to state that the earth moves round the sun and that the eclipses are caused by the shA.D.ow of the earth falling on the moon. Aryabhatta’s Aryabhatiya, Dasagitika-Sutra and Aryastasata belonging to the 5th century, Varahamihira’s Pancha-siddhantika, Brahmagupta’s Brahmasphuta-siddhanta and Khanda-khadyaka, Bhaskaracharya’s Siddhanta-shiromani and Karana-kutuhala and Bhoja’s Raja-mriganka are important ancient Indian texts on astronomy. Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans, which was consolidated 2500 years ago by Charaka, who was described as the ‘Father of Medicine’. Another ancient Indian Sushruta, who is considered as the ‘Father of Surgery’, is believed to have conducted complicated surgeries using over 125 different surgical equipments. Usage of anaesthesia was also well known in ancient India. Like-wise deep knowledge of anatomy, physiology, aetiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many ancient Indian texts. India’s most precious gift to the world is zero (0), which wa s referred to as Shunya in the ancient texts. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus also came from India. One of the best-known achievements of the Indian mathematics is the decimal system. Its first occurrence was on a plate of the year 595 A.D. where the date 346 A.D. was written in decimal place-value notation. Aryabhatta, who calculated the value of p as 3.1416, is also credited with the creation of Algebraic analysis. Budhayana explained the concept of the Pythagorean Theorem way back in the 6th century. Brahmagupta’s Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta has two chapters devoted to arithmetic, algebra and geometry. Bhaskara’s Lilavati was for many centuries a standard work on arithmetic and Mensuration in the East. The world’s first university was established in Takshila in 700 B.C., where more than 10,500 students from all over the world studied over sixty different subjects. The University of Nalanda established in the 5th century B.C. was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education. Described as â€Å"The Oxford University of Mahayana Buddhism†, it offered wide range of subjects like literature, logic, grammar, medicine, philosophy and astronomy. Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages. A report in the Forbes magazine of July 1987 described Sanskrit is the most suitable language for the computer software. Vaishali, in modern Bihar, is often described as the World’s First Republic, as it had a duly elected assembly of representatives and efficient Administration as early as the 6th century B.C. Modern India The British rule in India, despite its several excesses and oppressive characteristics, had made several useful and lasting contributions to the Indian culture. Several social and administrative reforms were introduced during the British period. Warren Hastings brought about a reorganisation of judicial institutions and re-codification of the Hindu law. He established courts of appeal for civil and criminal cases at Calcutta and also a Supreme Court at Calcutta (now Kolkata). He also gave active encouragement to the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Lord Cornwallis laid the foundation for the present Indian constitution. He also brought about judicial reforms by replacing the Shariat law with the English law. William Bentick abolished evil practices prevailing in the Indian society like Sati and female infanticide and introduced modern western education in India. He also established the Calcutta Medical College and the Elphinstone Institution at Bombay (now Mumbai). Lord Dalhousie set up the Public Works Department to look after the construction and maintenance of roads. He also set up the Post & Telegraphs Department and issued the first postage stamp in 1852 at Karachi. He opened the first Railway line on April 16, 1853 between Bombay and Thane. He also legalized the marriages of Hindu widows. The British introduced the neo-Colonial and Indo-Saracenic styles of Architecture in India. They were also instrumental in encouraging the development of modern theatre and cinema movements in India. The British enacted several laws and regulations, many of which are still followed in the Indian administrative set-up in some form or the other. The positive outcome of English education was most felt when many Indian social reformers began to emerge on the scene to fight against the social evils like Caste system, untouchability and emancipation of women and the downtrodden. Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the foremost among such social reformers, who established the Brahmo Samaj. Soon, other organisations like the Prarthana Samaj, Arya Samaj, Dev Samaj, Ramkrishna Mission and the Theosophical Society of India were set up with similar aims and objectives. After Independence, the Indian Government enacted several legislations to tackle the prevailing social evils. Several steps were also initiated towards the emancipation of women and protection of the weaker sections of the society. Economically and socially, India has made great strides since independence. It has a well-developed infrastructure and a highly diversified industrial base, its pool of scientific and engineering personnel is the third largest in the world, and the pace of its agricultural expansion has more than kept up with the growth in its population. Rapid strides were also made in the field of Science and Technology and Research. India’s eminent scientists like C.V.Raman, Hargobind Khorana and S.Chandrasekhar won Nobel Prizes for outstanding contributions in their respective fields. India has an advanced and well-developed Space Technology programme and the remote sensing data from its IRS series of satellites is much sought after all-over the world. India has even launched satellites for advanced countries like Germany and South Korea. India is now a nuclear power, but its nuclear policy is not aimed at the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or threatening the security of any country. India’s foreign policy is based on ‘enlightened self-i nterest’, peaceful co-existence and respect for international law and the United Nations Organisation. March into the New Millennium India marched into the new Millennium as the fifth biggest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). It has become the leading supplier of IT professionals in the world, particularly to the United States. Its population having crossed the one-billionth mark, India has perhaps the largest middle class market in the world. It is indeed a matter of great pride for India that the world has given due recognition to Indians and Indian leaders as major contributors, who have shaped the world during the last millennium. Mahatma Gandhi was voted the Man of the Millennium in an online opinion poll conducted by the British Broadcasting Service (BBC)’s online news site in December 1999. In an earlier BBC Online poll conducted in May 1999, Gandhi was also voted as the Greatest World Leader. The Time magazine also chose Gandhi as the most important person of the century, next only to Albert Einstein. The former Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, was named as the â€Å"Woman of the Millennium† in a BBC poll, ahead of several other distinguished personalities of the world. India’s culture and heritage is so rich and deep-rooted that it may take several months or even years to understand all its dimensions. From the time immemorial India has fascinated many a world traveller like Fahien, Hiuen Tsang, Ibn Batuta, Alberuni, Ferishta, Vasco da Gama, Marco Polo and several others. Albert Einstein once said: â€Å"We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made.† The great German Indologist Max Muller said: â€Å"If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power and beauty that nature can bestow ‘ in some parts a very paradise on earth ‘ I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most fully developed the choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solution of some of them, which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant ‘ I should point to India.’ The following quotation of the great American philosopher and writer Will Durant sums up the divine land called India, thus ‘India was the motherland of our race, and Sanskrit the mother of Europe’s languages; she was the mother of our philosophy; mother, through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics; mother, through the Buddha, of ideals embodied in Christianity; mother, through the village community, of self-government and democracy. Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all.’